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Range in an EV varies a lot because of external factors, such as weather, road conditions, or driving style. There is also natural variation from car to car, even EVs of the same exact make, model, year, and trim.
External factors - the biggest driver of variability
Temperature: If it’s very cold or very hot, your car may get a range up to 30% less than expected. The temperature effects on range are temporary and your full range will return when it’s around 70F degrees.
Terrain and driving conditions: Whether you are driving on hilly roads, stop-and-go traffic, or with a car full of heavy suitcases -- these external road and driving conditions will also affect an EV's range. In most cases, it's exactly the same as a gas car. Driving uphill or with a lot of weight will tank your effiiciency. The one big difference? EVs are more efficient at slow speeds and in city driving
Towing, roof racks, and different wheels: Towing a trailer, carrying a roof rack, or using larger or less aerodynamic wheels can all increase an EV’s energy consumption by adding drag or weight, which reduces efficiency. Even modest changes can noticeably shorten the vehicle’s range, especially on longer trips or at highway speeds. Essentially, the more resistance or load the car experiences, the fewer miles it can travel on a single charge.
Finally, like with anything, there are natural variations between individual cars, even those of the same year make and model. The exact way that certain components line up and fit together may vary minutely from car to car, meaning that one Model 3 will always get a few miles less than another one across town.
